Hamlet as Antihero in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet as Antihero      Ã‚  Ã‚  By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or novel, but has negative attributes that separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self-serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero.    One factor contributing to Hamlet’s status as antihero is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king" (IV, ii, 12-14)? The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear" (IV, i, 24-25).   This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused.    Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them. Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, "I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother" (IV, iii, 49-50). The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle.

Pepsi & Coke: Related to Game Theory Essay

In May, 1886, Coca Cola was introduced by John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. John Pemberton started brewing his coca cola formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. Pharmacists Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina first made competitor Pepsi in the 1890’s. The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. These companies have brand identification and customer loyalties that have made them a historical landmark. Today Pepsi and Coke control around 90% of the soft drink market, making it one of the most well known oligopolies in the U.  S. An oligopoly is a market dominated by so few sellers that an action by any of them will impact both the price of the good and the competitors. Some characteristics of an oligopoly are: * The dominant firms have significant barriers to entry; or exit is difficult. * Access to information is limited * The dominant firms have significant market power; they set their own price. * The product may be homogenous or differentiated. * A few large firms dominate the market, i. e. they have a substantial market share. There is a mutual interdependence among the dominant firms; this means that competition is personal and each firm recognizes that it’s actions affects the rival firms and theirs affects it. Economies of scale deter entry by forcing the entrant to come in at a large scale and risk strong reaction from existing firms or come in at a small scale and accept a cost disadvantage. Barriers to entry are high in the soft drink industry because both soft drink companies and bottlers are factors in entering this market. These two parts of the industry are extremely interdependent, sharing costs in procurement, production, marketing and distribution. Many of their functions overlap; for instance, Pepsi can do some bottling, and bottlers conduct many promotional activities. The industry is already vertically integrated to some extent. They also deal with similar suppliers and buyers. Entry into the industry would involve developing operations in either or both market segments. Beverage substitutes would threaten both Peps and their associated bottlers. Because of operational overlap and similarities in their market environment, we can include Pepsi, Coke and bottlers in our definition of the soft drink industry. This industry as a whole generates positive economic profits. Pepsi and Coca-Cola are dominant firms in this market, controlling approximately 90% of the market share. There is also a mutual interdependence among the dominant firms, so for every change Pepsi makes in marketing strategies, price increase and/or brand expansion, Coke is affected by it. Figure 1 shows the demand curve. The point of the kink is the point of the established market price. The kink of the demand curve suggests that a competitor would react asymmetrically to price increases and price decreases by the firm. Taking a look at the soft drink market, where Pepsi and Coke combined have over 90% of the market share. Suppose the price is established at $1. 99 for a six-pack of either Pepsi or Coke. Let’s consider the demand curve for Pepsi. If Pepsi increases its price to $2. 49 per six-pack, it will lose some of its market to Coke along the AB component of the demand curve in Fig. 1. Pepsi will be able to sell 500 six-packs a day instead of the original sales level of 1000. Coke is likely to stay at $1. 99 and enjoy the additional sale, as some people who were originally buying Pepsi will be switching to Coke. Figure [ 1 ] If Pepsi lowers its price to $1. 49 to gain an advantage over Coke and increase it sales to 1500 six-packs, it may not succeed. The increase in sales by Pepsi to 1500 can only happen if Coke did not react to Pepsi’s price cut. However, Coke is likely to match the price reduction by Pepsi to protect itself against loss of market share. As the result of price cuts by both Pepsi and Coke, there will be an increase in sales by both, at least partially at the expense of smaller competitors. In our example, the sales of Pepsi increase to 1300 six-packs per day from the original 1000. This is along the BC segment of the demand curve. Therefore, there are two demand curves facing Pepsi, AB for price increases and no reaction by Coke, and BC for price decreases and price matching reaction by Coke. This explains the kinked demand curve for Pepsi and similarly for Coke. Notice that the kink in the demand curve is at the established market price. It is also important to realize that the established price tends to be maintained. Neither Pepsi nor Coke will be inclined to raise their price since it would cause loss of sales and market share to the rival. Also neither of them is particularly interested in lowering the price and starting a price war since the outcome is loss of profit for both in favor of consumers. Figure 2 shows us profit maximization under an oligopoly. If we add to the demand MR model the cost curves for a firm such as Coke and Pepsi under oligopoly, we would be able to determine the profit maximization level of output. Figure [ 2 ] The profit maximizing level of output is 1000 six-packs of Pepsi, where MC = MR. Pepsi can sell this quantity at $1. 99 according to the demand curve. The average total cost of production at 1000 level of output is $0. 99 per six-pack. Therefore the company is making $1000 a day of excess profit as illustrated in figure 2. Moderate changes in the cost conditions of oligopolies do not cause a change in their profit maximization quantity and price as long as they are in the vertical range of the MR curve. This implies that technological improvements that lower the cost of production or change in the price of inputs encountered by an oligopoly would not lead to a quantity or price change. Therefore it’s suggested that under an oligopoly market prices are rigid. Firms especially avoid lowering their price from fear of igniting a price war. Instead oligopolies resort to non-price competition such as advertising. Price wars can and occasionally do occur when one of the dominant firms in the oligopoly market experiences a significant decrease in its production cost and attempts to increase its market share.

Essay on The Effects of Deforestation of the Amazon...

Today, the total percentage of forest cover of the earth is approximately thirty percent (â€Å"Deforestation†). That is about nine percent of the world’s total surface. The largest rainforest is the Amazon River Basin, located in South America. The Amazon is home to many species of animals, insects, plants and trees. Many of the trees and plants in the Amazon produce about twenty percent of the oxygen on earth, and absorb carbon. However, the Amazon is decreasing in size every day due to the ongoing deforestation of the land. Deforestation is when the forest of the land are cleared or destroyed, in order to be used for other actions (â€Å"Deforestation†). The Amazon is twenty percent less than it was about forty years ago (Wallace). In just about†¦show more content†¦As parts to of the world still continue to commit acts of deforestation in the rainforest areas, at the same time, the climate on earth also becomes affected by these actions, too. The tre es in the rainforest are essential to the water cycle (Szalay). The water cycle is the movement of water on the earth (â€Å"Summary of the Water Cycle†). The trees in the water cycle act in the process of evapotranspiration. The word evapotranspiration is evaporation and transpiration together (Briney). Evaporation is when water converts from liquid into a gas or vapor (Briney). Transpiration, however, is when a plant or tree absorbs the water from their roots and is evaporated back into the atmosphere through its leaves, stems, or flowers (Briney). The water evaporated from the trees and plants contribute to the rainfall in the forest (Briney). In the article The Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia, author Harald Sioli states, â€Å"With the reduction of rainwater re-evaporating from the original forest, the rate of its recycling will also diminish† (200). If the process of evapotranspiration decreases due to deforestation, the amount of rainfall will also decrease. The rainforests like the Amazon will change in climate and become dry and could possibly cause more forest fires due to the reduction of precipitation in the rainforest (Shukla, Nobre, Sellers). In the Amazon rainforest, there areShow MoreRelatedDeforestation Is A Global Issue1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is the cutting or burning down trees. Two main reasons the Amazon rainforest is being cleared is for raising cattle and growing crops (Figure 1). This is because the production of beef and soy has increased.1 The Amazon rainforest is located in countries throughout South America. The area this report will look at is Brazil, which is the largest country in the region. The majority of deforestation in the Amazon takes place in Brazil.2 There areRead MoreAmazon Rainforest Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed by deforestation since the 1960s. At the current rate of deforestation, over half of the remaining rainforest could be gone in the next 17 years (Bradford 2015). Deforestation negatively impacts animal biodiversity in the Amazon Rainforest. There are animal species that can only live in the Amazon Rainforest. With deforestation, they will become extinct. In this paper, habitat fragmentation, the diverse animal and plant population in the Amazon, deforestationRead MoreDeforestation as a Global Issue Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesasked to write an assignment on the effects and causes of the deforestation-taking place in the Amazon rainforest. During this assignment I shall investigate the following topics:  · Why has deforestation taken place in the Amazon rainforest?  · Can the government of Brazilsolve this major  · Before and after destruction issue?  · What are the developments in the rainforest?  · What are the negative consequences of deforestation?  · Identify the main green houseRead MoreEssay on Amazon Deforestation1462 Words   |  6 PagesHernandez Dr. Katy Koch Writing 101: Research Paper 11 March 2010 Amazon Deforestation The Amazon rainforest the largest tropical area in the world, a vast and humid area where thousands of species of mammals, fish and insects have been unidentified by human; thus being the largest rainforest in the world, it is also the largest area of deforestation where football fields after fields are taken down a minute. The Amazon Deforestation being a growing issue amongst society in this generation can beRead MoreThe Issues Surrounding The Amazon Rainforest1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Denver Academy has recently researched and defined some of the important facts surrounding the Amazon rainforest. In 2017, the Amazon rainforest covers 2.1 million square miles of South America. It is a vast ecosystem home to 10% of the world’s known species (The Denver Academy). They go on to say that the trees are so dense, when it rains, it takes 10 minutes for the water to break through the forest roof. The destruction of this habitat could lead to extinction of these species, and have devastatingRead MoreEssay on The Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest Deforestation is having an effect on all tropical rainforests. This is not just negative effects but also some very positive effects from the deforestation of the rainforests. From deforestation there are many problems that can be caused by this, environmental, social, economic and political issues all from the destruction of the rainforests across the world. There has been dramatic deforestation across the worldRead MoreDeforestation of Our Rainforests931 Words   |  4 PagesThe most destructive and harmful tragedy that our rainforests, specifically the Amazon, suffer from is deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing or destruction of land throughout forests. Unfortunately, human beings are the number one cause of deforestation throughout the world. The reason if this is simply because we use the wood mainly for things like hydroelectric dams that power communities, palm oil for its biofuel resourcefulness, and the mining for diamond and gold. Another reason wouldRead MoreAmazon Rainforest And Its Impact On The Biome1576 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is Amazon Rainforest, What Are the Human Activities In it and what effects do these activities have on the biome? One of the biome which I found interesting was the Amazon rainforest. The Amazon Rainforest is region which is owned by more than 1 country because of its land mass. It is actually owned by 9 nations. This biome is situated in the amazon basin of South Africa. The Amazon Rainforest covers 5,500,000 km2 (2,123,562 sq mi) of total 7000000 km2 of the Amazon basin. This particular rainforestRead MoreWorld At Risk Assessment : Describe Aspects Of A Geographic Issue Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pageshappening, who it involves, how it effects people and the environment. You must include a map showing the location of the issue (you may find one on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visuals such as photos, diagrams, cartoons. Global warming, waste, and pollution are big problems, but deforestation is one of the biggest. Deforestation is when large amounts of trees are cut down because of human wants. The leading cause of deforestation is cattle farming. Another big causeRead More Three Solutions to Deforestation Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThree Solutions to Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does it make a sound? Or rather, if a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does anybody even care? This saying epitomizes the worlds current view on deforestation, most notably in the Brazilian Amazon, which is known as The Lungs of the Earth. Deforestation is defined as the long-term or permanent removal of forest cover, usually accompanied by burning, which is then converted

How to Scan and Mark Latin Poetry

To learn to scan a line of Latin poetry, it helps to know the meter and to use a text that shows the macrons. Lets assume you have a text of the beginning of The Aeneid with macrons. Since it is an ancient epic, The Aeneid is in dactylic hexameters, which is a meter the AP exams typically expect you to know. Find the Long Syllables First, you mark all syllables that are long by nature. Syllables that are long by nature are those with diphthongs, ae, au, ei, eu, oe, and ui. Those syllables with macrons over the vowels are long by nature. For simplicity, a circumflex will be used for a macron here. (Macrons are usually long marks †¾ over the vowels, but you use the long mark †¾ over the syllables vowel to mark the syllable as long when you scan your lines.) Tip: For an AP exam, the help offered by the macron will probably not be available, so when you use a Latin dictionary to look up a word, make note of the long vowels. 3 Consecutive Vowels If there are 3 vowels in a row:and there is a macron over one of the vowels, it is not part of the diphthong; thus, dià ªÃƒ ®, which has two macrons, has no diphthongs. Dià ªÃƒ ® has 3 syllables: di, à ª, and à ®.and the second and third vowels form a diphthong, the preceding vowel is short. (This 1st vowel is also short if there are 2 vowels that do not form a diphthong.)Next, find and mark as long all the syllables that are long by position. Double Consonants Those syllables in which the vowel is followed by two consonants (one or both of which may be in the next syllable) are long by position.A syllable that ends in X or (sometimes) Z is long by position because X or (sometimes) Z counts as a double consonant. Extra Linguistic Information: The 2 consonant sounds are [k] and [s] for X and [d] and [z] for Z.However, ch, ph, and th do not count as double consonants. They are the equivalent of the Greek letters Chi, Phi, and Theta.For qu and sometimes gu, the u is really a glide [w] sound rather than a vowel, but it doesnt make the q or g into a double consonant.When the second consonant is an l or an r, the syllable may or may not be long by position. When the l or r is the first consonant, it counts towards the position. Extra Linguistic Information: The consonants [l] and [r] are called liquids and are more sonorant (closer to vowels) than stop consonants [p] [t] and [k]. Glides are even more sonorant.When a word ends in a vowel or a vowe l followed by an m and the first letter of the next word is a vowel or the letter h, the syllable ending in a vowel or an m elides with the next syllable, so you dont mark it separately. You may put a line through it.Extra Linguistic Information: The [h] counts as aspiration or rough breathing in Greek, rather than a consonant. Scan a Line of Latin Lets look at an actual line of Latin: Arma virumque canà ´, Trà ´iae quà ® prà ®mus ab à ´rà ®s Can you find the 7 syllables that are long by nature? There are 6 macrons and 1 diphthong. Mark them all as long. Here they are bolded; syllables are separated from each other: Ar-ma vi-rum-que ca- nà ´, Trà ´-iae quà ® prà ®-mus ab à ´-rà ®s Notice that in Trà ´iae there is a diphthong, a macron, and an i in between. More Information: This intervocalic i acts as a consonant (j), rather than a vowel. How Many Syllables Are Long by Position? There are only 2: Ar-maThe two consonants are r and m.vi-rum-quethe two consonants are m and q. Here is the line with all the long syllables noted: Ar-ma vi-rum-que ca-nà ´, Trà ´-iae quà ® prà ®-mus ab à ´-rà ®s Mark According to the Known Meter Since you already know this is an epic and in the meter called dactylic hexameter, you know you should have 6 feet (hexa-) of dactyls. Dactyl is a long syllable followed by two shorts, which is exactly what you have at the start of the line: Ar-ma vi-You may put short marks over the 2 short syllables. (If you arent bolding the long syllables, you should mark the shorts, perhaps with a Ï…, and mark the longs with a long mark †¾ over them: †¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦.) This is the first foot. You should put a line (|) after it to mark the foots end.The next and all succeeding feet begin with a long syllable as well. It looks as though the second foot is as simple as the first:rum-que ca-The second foot is just like the first. No problem so far, but then look what comes next. Its all long syllables:nà ´, Trà ´-iae quà ® prà ®Have no fear. There is an easy solution here. One long syllable is the equivalent of 2 shorts. (Mind you, you cant use two shorts for the start of a dactyl.) Therefore, a dactyl can be long, short, short, or long, long and thats what weve got. The long, long syllable is called a spondee, so technically, you should say that a spondee can substitute for a dactyl.nà ´, Trà ´iae quà ® and then prà ® b ecomes the long syllable in a regular dactyl:prà ®-mus ab We just need one more syllable to make the 6 dactyls of a line of dactylic hexameter. What we have left is the same pattern we saw for the 3rd and 4th feet, two longs:à ´-rà ®sOne extra bonus is that it doesnt matter whether the final syllable is long or short. The final syllable is an anceps. You can mark the anceps with an x.Tip: This customary †¾ x final foot makes it possible to work backward from the last two syllables  if the passage is tricky. You have now scanned a line of dactylic hexameter: Ar-ma vi-|rum-que ca-|nà ´, Trà ´-|iae quà ® |prà ®-mus ab| à ´-rà ®s†¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦ | †¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦ | †¾ †¾ | †¾ †¾ |†¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦ |†¾x Line With Elision The third line of the first book of The Aeneid offers examples of elision twice in succession. If you are speaking the lines, you dont pronounce the italicized elided parts. Here, the syllable with the ictus is marked with an acute accent and the long syllables are bolded, as above: là ­-to-ra | mà ºl- tum il-| le à ©t ter-| rà ­s jac-| tà ¡-tus et| à ¡l- to†¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦ | †¾ †¾ | †¾ †¾ | †¾ †¾ |†¾Ãâ€¦Ãâ€¦ |†¾xSyllables Read: li-to-ra-mul-til-let-ter-ris-jac-ta-tus-et-al-to References: Guide to Scansion of Latin PoetryGildersleeves Latin Grammar

An Analysis On Financial Struggles - 1122 Words

College Admissions: An Analysis on Financial Struggles As inflation in the United States continues to rise, as does the cost of many things, specifically college fees. In a world such as the one we live in today, it is extremely hard to attain a successful career without a college degree. Although, one may end up spending their entire life trying to pay off their college debts in order to get a degree. While the knowledge and skills attained during college are extremely beneficial later on in life, many students are unable to go to college due to financial issues. The prices have skyrocketed and left many graduates in debt for years later. Many high school students who plan to attend college in the future, often work an after school job in order to get the money they will be needing for college. College is so expensive due to the tuition as well as room and board with all the necessities and one way I have made financial plans for college is by working an after school job. Tuition for colleges varies between every state and school, but m ost are quite expensive. Especially, if one plans to attend college out of the state they are residing in. It has been calculated that the average annual cost of study in the United States is between $20,000 and $35,000. Evidently, college tuition is already high, but the level and location of the college can also increase this expense. Tution itself is already pricey, but there are also many fees that must be included. For example, evenShow MoreRelatedThe Return Of Depression Economics1437 Words   |  6 Pagesroots of modern and prior financial crisis economics. In his book, The Return of Depression Economics and The Crisis of 2008, Krugman first educates the reader of historical and foreign financial crises which allows for a deeper understanding of the modern financial system. The context provided from the historical analysis proves to be a crucial prospective in such a way that the rest of Krugman’s narrative about modern finance continually relates back to the historic al analysis. From there, Krugman analyzesRead MoreFinancial Analysis : Halliburton Company1354 Words   |  6 PagesHalliburton Company â€Å"Financial analysis consists of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of measuring the relative financial position among firms and industries† (Gibson, 2014, p.216). The analysis provided throughout this work will consist of a vertical and horizontal analysis of both the income statement and balance sheet for Halliburton Company. Based on the findings and assumptions made from the results of the data and investigation through the managers notes and other resource to concludeRead MoreReport Strong TIe case Essay examples808 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. Introduction This report provides analysis on the recent performance of Strong Tie Ltd. (STL) and provides suggestions for the management on the future actions. 2. Problem Macro environment negatively affected sales from the start of the recession in late 2007, putting downward pressure on demand in the U.S. The company’s sales declined by 5.44% in 2008, which resulted in 3 year CAGR of 0.92%. Additionally, surge of global steel prices, which more than doubled over the past two years, and aggressiveRead MoreApple Inc. Case Study1494 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPANY OVERVIEW General Description Historical Outline Industry Current Challenges Ethics and Responsibility STRATEGIC INFORMATION Mission Statement Competition SWOT Analysis HISTORICAL FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Historical Financial Information Competitive Financial Analysis Summary FUTURE PLANS Competitive Advantage Recent Performance Business Environment Recommendations Zackery Butler, Connor Daugherty, Stanashia Davis, Gabrielle Drohan, and Lauren Spears Read MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid For The Poor Or Middle Class? Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesexcelled students,who struggle to pay for college because of how expensive it is and how little scholarships they receive despite their excellence is important to helping spread the need for change to help decrease student debt.High School athletes who decide to play sports at the collegiate level get the chance to go to college and play their sport while having their expenses covered entirely;despite this, it is an opportunity only given to very few students.Just like athletes struggle most colleges willRead MoreFinancial Analysis Of Siriusxm s Subscription Based Revenues Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Analysis SiriusXM’s subscription based revenues, yielded the company $4.2 billion in 2014, growing 10% year over year, continuing a decade long trend of revenue growth. In addition to revenue growth, impressively high margins have produced free cash flow of $1 billion. Despite impressive profitability metrics, financial struggles of the past are till casting long shadows in terms of debt and outstanding shares, yet management is doing their best to dig themselves out of trouble. The keyRead MoreStrategic Planning At Mount Sinai Medical Center1497 Words   |  6 PagesHospital Association FHA s Board of Trustees, Mount Sinai Medical Center was able to overcome their struggles. Sac-Osage Hospital is another organization in the health care industry that encountered lack of internal control which led to the shutting down of the facility. To conclude, without a good internal control system and strategic planning, it is guaranteed that an organization will face some financial instability. Chapter 2: Literature Search Research on Poor Strategic Planning Many haveRead MoreRivalry Power ( High )1152 Words   |  5 Pagescompetition in this industry form a considerable barrier for new entry, producing good quality devices. SWOT Analysis In order to visualize some of the key points that crafts Fitbit’s strategies, some of them have been listed below, using a SWOT matrix model. The analysis covers internal and external elements. They have direct relation to the company’s positioning, market share, value chain, financial capacity, consumer satisfaction, and overall business strengths. STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES †¢ First moverRead MoreWhat Is The Necessity Of Government Financial Compensation For Womens Work In The Home1236 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of the Necessity of Governmental Financial Compensation for Women’s Work in the Home This sociological study will define the necessity of providing governmental financial compensation for women’s work in the home. Historically, the debate over the financial value of domestic labour has been an increasing problem in relation to gender struggles in the Canadian economy. Women/housewives have often been ignored for their work in the home due to the dominance of a patriarchal workforce. TheRead MoreThe Organizational Change And Development Of A Travel And Tourism Organization933 Words   |  4 PagesManagement for Travel and Tourism Name: BALKISU TEJAN, ID: 37007 ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAVEL AND TOURISM ORGANIZATION: CASE STUDY OF BRITISH AIRWAYS It is essential that an organization undergoes growth and development, Organizational change and innovation. Many investigators have formulated theories related to change management once they begin to understand the importance of organizational change and innovation. This theories

Effects Of The Shock On Different Systems â€Myassignmenrthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effects Of The Shock On Different Systems? Answer: Introduction Patient Maureen, 77 years old an Australian woman. Presents with what seems to be in the progressive phase of hypovolemic shock. The symptoms she presents are as a result of the effects of the shock on the different systems. The respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, renal and hepatic systems. The breathing is at 28 breaths per minute. This breath must be shallow as the saturation level of oxygen is undetectable. The heart rate is at 120 beats a minute. Despite this high beats the systolic blood pressure is at 80mmHg. There is evidence of vasoconstriction on the skin as the capillary fill lasts more than 4seconds. This is a classical evidence of shunting as the blood flow is redirected to other vital organs. She presents with hypovolemia. The hemoglobin levels are below average. The blood cells are also below the average. She has signs of ascites and vomits blood which is a huge contributor of fluid volume deficiency. The vomiting is as a result of ulcers on the gastrointestinal as a result of the vasoconstriction. She is also on diclofenac which worsens the ulcers because of its pharmacodynamics. She is pale and unconscious all this points to hypovolemic shock. Physiology of normal fluid balance/distribution. Brunner and Saddarth (2013), states that around 60% of an adults body weight is composed of fluids, that is, water and electrolytes. This amount is not fixed. It ranges from one person to the other. Gender, age, and body fats are some of the factors that determine the amount of body fluid. Lewis et al (2014), from the book it has been researched and proven that men have more body fluids that women, Young people has more fluids when compared with old people and the obese people have less water. (Sloan 2013), According to the book, the body fluids are located in two compartments. The intracellular fluid, that is, the fluid in the cells and the extracellular space. Barret et al (2017), further classifies this compartment. According to them, the intracellular holds two-thirds of the fluids while the extracellular holds the remaining third. They go on explaining that the extracellular fluid is further divided into interstitial, intravascular and trans cellular fluids. The fluid volume is maintained by the body. The body is equipped with mechanisms to help it balance the fluids. The homeostasis mechanisms. These include the kidney function. The heart and blood vessels function, lung functions, pituitary function, renin angiotensin aldosterone system, parathyroid function, Anti-diuretic hormone and thirst, baroreceptors and the osmoreceptors. These mechanisms ensure that there is a fluid balance because if this balance gets altered it can cause a lot of harm. Hypovolemia Brunner and Saddarth (2013), explains that hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit takes place when extracellular fluid volume loss exceeds the volume of the fluid intake. The water and the electrolytes are lost in the same proportion making a deficit in both the extracellular and the intracellular. Marcin (2016), adds that there is a difference between dehydration and hypovolemia. In dehydration, water is the only thing lost. Fluid volume deficit is accelerated with decreased intake of water. Causes of fluid volume deficit other than inadequate water intake include; vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, gastrointestinal suctioning, Beck, (2015). If the homeostasis mechanisms, for example, the kidney functions are impaired due to a disease, this could cause the fluid volume deficit. A patient with fluid volume deficit has the following presentations: they have an acute weight loss, their skin turgor is decreased, they have oliguria, this small amount of urine is highly concentrated, they present with hypovolemia, their heart rates are fast but weak, the neck veins are flattened, they have increased temperature, their central venous pressure is decreased, they are cool, they have clammy skin due to the vasoconstriction of the vessels peripherally, they are thirsty have muscle cramps and weakness. If this condition is not reversed it can worsen and cause shock which in turn causes death. Shock Mikhail (2015), Defines shock as a condition that is life threatening. It is usually as a result of inadequate perfusion of tissues. If untreated it causes death. The systemic blood pressure is unable/inadequate in delivering the required amount of oxygen and nutrients to enhance cellular and vital organ function, Balk (2015), Inadequate perfusion ( inadequate oxygen and nutrients), this causes cellular starvation, this progresses to cell death, in turn it causes organ dysfunction which progresses to organ failure and later on death. As mentioned shock is fatal. It progresses rapidly or slowly and it affects all body systems. Hypovolemic shock Jindal et al., (2014), hypovolemic shock is the most common which results in a decrease of 15%-25% of intravascular volume. As mentioned earlier intravascular fluid represents the blood which is an extracellular fluid. The percentage will present a loss of 750 ml to 1300ml of blood given that in a normal physiological man weighing 70kgs has 5lts to 6lt of blood. Hypovolemic shock can be caused by external fluid losses. This could be a traumatic loss of blood (internal bleeding, a wound, GIT bleeding) or internal fluid shift which could be as a result of severe edema, severe dehydration, ascites. Rauen and Munron, (2016), they vividly explain how hypovolemic shock occurs. It starts when there is a deficit in the intravascular fluid. This deficit causes a decrease in the venous return. Due to this reduction, there is a reduced ventricular refilling which in turns causes a reduction in stroke volume and cardiac output. When this happens the blood pressure drops. This compromises the tis sue perfusion which progresses to death. The manifestation of the patient depends on which stage they are in. Stages of hypovolemic shock as per the physical assessment (ABCDE) Through the assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure, there are three stages of shock. All systems are assessed. The cardiovascular; that is the systolic blood pressure and the heart rate. The respiratory system checks the breathing rate. The skin for warmth and liver function. The kidney functions. All this are checked up and the findings helps categorize the patient. The first stage is compensatory. The body tries to normalize the fluids. At this phase, the body displays the normal fight or flight response. The heart rate increases, vasoconstriction occurs, the hearts contractility increases, there is a shunt of blood flow to other organs. Blood is redirected to the vital organs, that is, the brain, liver, and kidney. This makes the patients skin feel cold and clammy. The patients blood pressure is normal at this stage, heart rate is above 100 beats per minute, the respiratory rates is above 20breaths per minute, there is reduced urinary output, the pat ient is confused, laboratory findings reveal respiratory alkalosis. At this stage, the body does its best to have a homeostasis. If it is not restored the shock progresses to the next phase which is the progressive stage. Abraham et al., (2015), at this stage the body systems are unable to maintain the blood pressure. The blood pressure falls beyond the average range of the systolic blood pressure. It falls beyond 90 mm Hg. The manifestation of shock at this stage is usually due to two things. One the overworking heart becomes dysfunctional hence poor/ no perfusion to the muscles. This brings about ischemia. Two, the microcirculation auto regulatory function fails because of the biochemical mediators. This makes the venous and arterioles to constrict making the perfusion poorer, Kumar and Haery (2014). The systolic blood pressure is below 80mmHg. The heart rate is above 150beats per minute. The breathing is shallow, rapid and with crackles. The skin has petechial and is mottled. The urinary output is 0.5ml/kg/hr. The patient is lethargic. Lab findings reveal metabolic acidosis. This is the stage where patient Maureen is at. Airway is being compromised by the nervous system as she is semiconscious. Breathing rate is very high although the breaths are shallow. Circulation is not normal as the capillary refill time has lengthen, skin is pale and cold and systolic pressure is at 80mmHg. Disability the patient is at risk of death as circulation and breathing has been compromised. Exposure, her organ are exposed to death if this stage is not reversed. If this stage is not reversed the patient progresses to irreversible phase. At this stage, the cell damage is so severe. The patient is not responsive to any treatment. The patient cannot survive. The patient presents with jaundice due to liver failure. They require mechanical or pharmacological support for the heart function. They require intubation for breathing. They have anuria and requires dialysis. They are uncon scious and have a profound acidosis. The heart rate is erratic or asystole. Patient Maureen Interventions using ISBAR ISBAR stands for: identification, situation, background, assessment and recommendation. I, Mary, a registered nurse, rotating at the casualty and emergency ward, have assessed patient Maureen. She appears to be in progressive stage of hypovolemic shock. The following are identifies as to why she is in shock. One, her airway/breathing is compromised. She is semiconscious so she requires assistance in breathing. Her breathing rate is so high and her breaths are shallow. Her systolic blood pressure is at 80mmHg. It is hypovolemic shock because she has signs of low hemoglobin count. From the lab investigations her hemoglobin was at 9g/l. She lost blood from vomiting. Has signs of ascites which causes fluid imbalance. The interventions or recommendations that are most appropriate for patient Maureen will be targeting the following. One is to optimize the intravascular volume. The second target is to support the pumping function of the heart. The third thing is to improve the competence an d functioning of the vascular system. Fourth is to redistribute the fluid volume and lastly is to find a solution to what is causing the fluid volume deficit. If it is vomiting, anti-emetics will be administered. If it is fluid intake deficiency, fluid replacement therapy is done. Choi et al, (2015), for shock management fluid replacement is necessary so as to restore intravascular volume. This includes fluids like 0.9% sodium chloride and lactated Ringers solution. Fein and Calalang (2015), vasoactive medications are important in restoring the vasomotor tone and improving the functioning of the heart. This drug includes, sympathomimetic, vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Nutritional support is required to take care of metabolic deficiency. During the compensation phase, there was a release of catecholamine's which causes depletion of the stored glycogen. Administration of nutrients is administered as soon as possible. Anti-acids and histamine blockers are administered to help with the stress ulcers. Conclusion From the above, it is clear how hypovolemia develops. How it progresses to hypovolemic shock. The stages of the hypovolemic shock and the manifestations at each stage clarifying why they occur. The organ systems effects during shock. The role of a nurse during shock. With all that knowledge it was easy to relate it to the case study that was presented. Maureen is at progressive shock stage. She has all the signs and symptoms. The shock could have resulted from the effects of the medications she is on. They could have caused stomach ulcers which caused blood loss. The other possible cause is the ascites. The interventions were mentioned and if followed to the later the patient might be able to recover. References Abraham, E., Matthay, M. A., Dinarello, C. A., et al. (2014). Consensus conference definitions for hypovolemia, hypovolemic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Time for a reevaluation. Critical Care Medicine, 28 (1), 232235 Balk, R. A. (2015). Pathogenesis and management of multiple organ dysfunctions or failure in severe hypovolemia and hypovolemic shock. Critical Care Clinics, 16(2), 337351. Barrett, E., Barman, M., Boitano, S., (2017) Ganongs review of medical physiology. Lange basic science. 24th edition. Beck, L. H. (2015). The aging kidney. Defending a delicate balance of fluid and electrolytes. Geriatrics, 55(4), 2628, 3132. Brunner and Suddarth, (2013). Textbook of medical and surgical nursing, 13th edition Choi, P. T., Yip, G., Quinonez, L. G., Cook, D. J. (2014). Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: A systematic review. Critical Care Medicine, 27(1), 200209. Fein, A. M., Calalang-Colucci, M. G. (2014). Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in sepsis and septic shock. Critical Care Clinics, 16(2), 289313. Guyton, A. C. (2015). Textbook of medical physiology (13th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Jindal, N., Hollenberg, S. M., Dellinger, R. P. (2015). Pharmacologic issues in the management of hypovolemic shock. Critical Care Clinics, 16(2), 233248. Kreimeier, U. (2016). Pathophysiology of fluid imbalance. Critical Care (London), 8, Suppl 2:S3S7. Kumar, A., Haery, C., Parrillo, J. E. (2015). Myocardial dysfunction in hypovolemic shock. Critical Care Clinics, 16(2), 251281 Lewis, l., Dirksen, R., McLean, M., (2013) medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, 8th edition. Marcin, J., (2016). Hypovolemic shock. Medical review journal. 21st edition. McKinley, M. G. (2014). Shock, Introduction to critical care nursing (10th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. Mikhail, J. (2015). Resuscitation endpoints in trauma. AACN Clinical Issues, 32(1), 1021. Rauen, C. A., Munro, N. (2015). Shock. In M. R. Kinney, S. B. Dunbar, J. A. Brooks-Brunn, N. Moleter, J. M. Vitello-Cicciu (Eds.), (2013). AACNs clinical reference for critical care nursing (12th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Vincent, J. L., Ferreira, F. L. (2016). Evaluation of organ failure: We are making progress. Intensive Care Medicine, 26(6), 1023 1024

Value and Fast Food Customers free essay sample

What situation did Skinner inherit when he became CEO? What are the current forces in the external environment that affect Skinner’s ongoing strategy? 2. What source of competitive advantage does McDonald’s have, and is that position supported by its value chain and other internal resources? -Inherit the previous CEO Cantalupo’s turnaround strategy. This strategy referred as the †Plan to win† tried to target various critical areas that needed to be addressed. -Rapid market fragmentation, which is describing the changes of consumer taste have made once-exotic foods like sushi and burritos everyday options. Many fast food customers are looking for healthier and better tasting food. Moreover, competitions has been coming from quick meals of all sorts that can be found in supermarkets, convenience stores and vending machines. Demographic customers now working around theclock, expecting 24 hour access  to fast food, how toplease range of customers from kids to  contractors? Sociocultural customers preferences have changed tomore exotic foods, healthier food with better taste Economic current economic downturn means customers might be trading down  to McDonald’s if  they ant to eat out Global boundaries are disappearing, travelers moreopen to global consistency in food offerings GoldenArches are accepted, and expected, everywhere 2. Cost leadership has been the traditional strategy for thefast- food industry, but McDonald’s kept costs under control in order to achieve parity with competitors -McDonald’s tried to develop a differentiationadvantagewhile keeping costs at a reasonable level -Differentiation requires the creation of something that isperceived industry-wide as unique and valued bycustomers -Differentiation s achieved by a firm configuring  its valuechain activities to support its position so customers arewilling to pay a premium for something unique – could McDonald’s do this effectively? Value-Chain  Analysis: -Sequential process of value-creating activities -The amount that buyers are willing  to pay forwhat a firm provides them -Value is measured by total revenue -Firm is profitable to  the extent the value itreceives exceeds the total costs involved increating its product or service Value  ChainActivity How does McDonald’s create value? Primary: Inbo und  logistics: Hard  to  assess Operations:   Strived  for  consistency  across  the  chain,  withdiffering results. Refurbishing of restaurants,change in hours may help draw customers. Outbound  logistics:   Hard  to  assess Marketing and sales: Many product innovations failed, $1 menu  didn’t go well with franchisees. I’m Loving It campaign was attempt to reach all customers. Service:   Hard  to  assess Value  ChainActivity How does McDonald’s create value? Secondary: Procurement:   Info  not  available  in  the  case Technology development: Adoption of expensive cooking processesfailed to generate desired results.